Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Treatment

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative encephalopathy which occurs in pre- and post-elderly conditions with a gradual loss of cognitive and memory functions. As the population aging intensifies, the number of AD patients worldwide is growing rapidly, resulting in a heavy social burden. Thus, how to treat Alzheimer’s disease is the focus of the whole society.

In fact, the treatment of AD is a comprehensive management, which not only requires individuals, families, and even the whole society to participate. The treatment of AD mainly includes three aspects: drug treatment, non-drug treatment and life care.

First of all, the current anti-dementia, cognitive improvement drugs can improve the patient’s symptoms, delay the development and deterioration of the disease, but there is no drug that can fundamentally reverse or cure the disease.

However, scientists are working on finding the reason and effective medicine. As is proved for many years, AD is related to amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregations, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), prominent neuroinflammation, and a series of physiological cascades including complement cascade initiated in response to the increased Aβ deposition. As a consequence, interference with neuroinflammation as a new therapeutic approach for AD treatment has gained great interest recently.

Currently, various complement components are known to be upregulated in AD brain, including C1q, C1r, C1s, and C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9. Recent research also showed that the pro-inflammatory complement factor C5a and its receptor C5aR are up-regulated in different mouse models of AD. Studies reported that blocking of C5aR with this inhibitor resulted in improved memory skills and reduced amyloid plaque formation, which may provide a new method for anti-AD drugs.

Apart from the medical treatment, non-pharmacological treatment, including cognitive rehabilitation training, vocational training, music therapy, and psychotherapy are also reported to be effective.

For memory-losing patients, some training about instantaneous memory, short-term memory and long-term memory can be of great use. These can be some games of children’s cognitive training that are simple and can be conducted by family members. For those patients with mood and behavior changes who become irritable even with violent conduct, professional psychotherapy should be considered.

Last but not least, life care is necessary to be conducted by family members or professional nurses. In the first stage, the patient should be encouraged to do things independently, participate in a variety of social activities, and walk around accompanied by someone. In the second stage, family members or caregivers need to assist patients with some simple self-care, such as assisting patients to do something at their own pace, and appropriately encourage and comfort patients in the process to make them feel involved and delightful. In the third stage, patients have lost their ability to take care of themselves, so professional nurses are required to take care of the patients to eat, dress, clean, and exercise properly.

AD is a complicated disease in which there are many unknowns, but treatment can help delay symptoms and improve quality of life. In addition to the mentioned complement research for AD, there are many other researches being studies all over the world, and it is believed that in the future, scientists will know more about AD and find a way to cure patients suffering from it.

5 Benefits That You Get from Vitamin C Serum!

Vitamin C is one of the best anti-aging ingredient available in the market and it helps to maintain smooth, even and lustrous complexion for the skin. Basically Vitamin c is an antioxidant that helps to neutralises free radicals that are generated by our bodies when our body gets exposed to certain conditions, including pollution and UV rays. It is important to maintain balanced between free radicals and antioxidant because the free radicals can overload the body and prevent its ability to regulate them and as result oxidative stress can occur. Free radicals cause negative impact on DNA, lipids and can cause a variety of disease, and it may damage the cell of the body and creates problem in the ability of skin to repair itself.

Here are the 5 benefits of the Vitamin C serum:

IT HELPS TO FADE HYPERPIGMENTATION:
Hyperpigmentation, sun spots, age spots and melasma mainly occurs due to excessive production of melanin in certain areas of the skin. Vitamin C serum helps to overcome all the above mentioned disesase.

SUN PROTECTION:
Vitamin C Serum works as an antioxidant and it reduces the damage that is caused by the free radicals which causes harm to the skin. Vitamin C helps to protect the skin from the harmful effects caused by the sun, vitamin c serum helps to reduce premature cell death, it reduces the release of cytokines, which are inflammatory compounds.

PREVENTION OF PREMATURE AGING:
The appearance of wrinkles which are developed naturally over time cannot be reversed by Vitamin C. In fact Vitamin C serum helps to reduce premature aging by protecting the skin from the untimely skin wrinkles that are caused due to sun exposure.

IT MAY HELP TO COMFORT THE SKIN FROM THE SUNBURNS:
Vitamin C serum helps to minimize the redness and it accelerates cell turnover which replaces damage cells with new healthy ones.Vitamin C serum helps to soothe the skin from sunburn by neutralising free radicals in the body which helps to protect the skin from sun.

IT MAY HELP PREVENT SKIN SAGGING:
Vitamin C serum boost the collagen production which is tied to the skin elasticity and firmness. Collagen is a substance (protein) found in the parts of a human body that connect the organs and give them support. So when collagen levels begin to drop, your skin may begin to sag. Vitamin C serum helps to increase collagen production, resulting of an overall lighting effect.

Your Step-by-step Guide to Amylase

Enzyme refers to a kind of biocatalyst produced by living cells. It can efficiently catalyze plentiful biochemical reactions under very mild conditions, and promote the metabolism of the organism. There are at least more than 4,000 enzymes in our body. Breathing, Digestion, breathing, absorption, exercise and reproduction in life activities are all enzyme-promoting reactions.

Animals must absorb the nutrients they need through the digestive process by feeding food to provide energy for the growth and physiological processes. For the human beings, digestive system contains the digestive glands and digestive tract. The digestive tract of a normal male adult is approximately 6 meters long and consists of the upper and lower digestive tracts. The digestive tract is a tube that connects the mouth and anus and consists of many structures that handle food.

Although the amylase is called “amylase”, it actually breaks down “polysaccharides formed by glucose with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds as the main connection method” (may be referred to as “αglucan”) — -This includes not only amylose and amylopectin in plants (among which alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds that amylase cannot hydrolyze), but also glycogen (structurally) in animal tissues (mainly muscle and liver) Similar to amylopectin in plants, but with a much smaller molecular weight)-or “animal starch”.

Clinical significance

Pancreatic amylase is excreted by the pancreas into the digestive tract in an active state. It is the most important enzyme that hydrolyzes carbohydrates. Like the amylase secreted by the salivary glands, it belongs to α-amylase, which acts on the α-1,4 glycosidic bond and acts on branches The α-1,6 glycosidic bond has no effect, so it is also called endo-amylase. Its optimum pH is 6.9, which can be filtered through the glomerulus. It is the only plasma enzyme that can occur in urine in normal times.

Amylase activity is found in extracts from other tissues of the human body such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, lungs, testes, semen, breast, etc .; blood, urine, and milk also contain amylase. Blood amylase mainly comes from the pancreas and salivary glands, while urine amylase comes from the blood.

Amylase Activity in the Stomach

Physiological condition of stomach

Like most enzymes, amylases require certain conditions to exert their activity. In the oral cavity and pancreas, it requires an optimum pH of 6.7 to 7.0. It also works best at human temperatures and requires the presence of various other compounds. The condition in the stomach is completely different from the condition in the mouth. The presence of gastric acid makes the stomach strongly acidic, and the pH value during digestion is about 1.0 to 3.0. This is beyond the scope of what amylases can do.

Fundus activity

However, salivary amylase does not inactivate once it reaches the stomach. Since being secreted into the mouth, it continues to be active as food is swallowed and passes through the esophagus. From there, food enters the first part of the stomach, located on the upper curve, called the fundus. Food may stay here for about an hour without mixing with gastric fluid, during which amylase can continue to work.

Inactivation of amylase in the stomach

The fundus is mainly a storage area. Most of the activity occurs in the larger central part of the stomach, the human body. After food enters the stomach, a soft wave called peristalsis passes through the stomach. They mix and macerate the food to reduce it to chyme. Although these exercises do not affect the body as much as they do, the final agitation and mixing of chyme and gastric acid means that the amylase is inactivated.