Your Step-by-step Guide to Amylase

Enzyme refers to a kind of biocatalyst produced by living cells. It can efficiently catalyze plentiful biochemical reactions under very mild conditions, and promote the metabolism of the organism. There are at least more than 4,000 enzymes in our body. Breathing, Digestion, breathing, absorption, exercise and reproduction in life activities are all enzyme-promoting reactions.

Animals must absorb the nutrients they need through the digestive process by feeding food to provide energy for the growth and physiological processes. For the human beings, digestive system contains the digestive glands and digestive tract. The digestive tract of a normal male adult is approximately 6 meters long and consists of the upper and lower digestive tracts. The digestive tract is a tube that connects the mouth and anus and consists of many structures that handle food.

Although the amylase is called “amylase”, it actually breaks down “polysaccharides formed by glucose with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds as the main connection method” (may be referred to as “αglucan”) — -This includes not only amylose and amylopectin in plants (among which alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds that amylase cannot hydrolyze), but also glycogen (structurally) in animal tissues (mainly muscle and liver) Similar to amylopectin in plants, but with a much smaller molecular weight)-or “animal starch”.

Clinical significance

Pancreatic amylase is excreted by the pancreas into the digestive tract in an active state. It is the most important enzyme that hydrolyzes carbohydrates. Like the amylase secreted by the salivary glands, it belongs to α-amylase, which acts on the α-1,4 glycosidic bond and acts on branches The α-1,6 glycosidic bond has no effect, so it is also called endo-amylase. Its optimum pH is 6.9, which can be filtered through the glomerulus. It is the only plasma enzyme that can occur in urine in normal times.

Amylase activity is found in extracts from other tissues of the human body such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, lungs, testes, semen, breast, etc .; blood, urine, and milk also contain amylase. Blood amylase mainly comes from the pancreas and salivary glands, while urine amylase comes from the blood.

Amylase Activity in the Stomach

Physiological condition of stomach

Like most enzymes, amylases require certain conditions to exert their activity. In the oral cavity and pancreas, it requires an optimum pH of 6.7 to 7.0. It also works best at human temperatures and requires the presence of various other compounds. The condition in the stomach is completely different from the condition in the mouth. The presence of gastric acid makes the stomach strongly acidic, and the pH value during digestion is about 1.0 to 3.0. This is beyond the scope of what amylases can do.

Fundus activity

However, salivary amylase does not inactivate once it reaches the stomach. Since being secreted into the mouth, it continues to be active as food is swallowed and passes through the esophagus. From there, food enters the first part of the stomach, located on the upper curve, called the fundus. Food may stay here for about an hour without mixing with gastric fluid, during which amylase can continue to work.

Inactivation of amylase in the stomach

The fundus is mainly a storage area. Most of the activity occurs in the larger central part of the stomach, the human body. After food enters the stomach, a soft wave called peristalsis passes through the stomach. They mix and macerate the food to reduce it to chyme. Although these exercises do not affect the body as much as they do, the final agitation and mixing of chyme and gastric acid means that the amylase is inactivated.

The Global market for Diagnostic Enzymes has promising prospects

Metabolism is the basis for all life activities of an organism, and metabolism cannot be achieved without the catalytic action of enzymes. They are catalytic organic substances produced by living cells. Essentially, the vast majority of enzymes are proteins, and a few are RNA, or ribonucleic acid, which is a carrier of genetic information. Enzymes are natural biocatalysts. The life sciences sector is one of the fastest growing sectors affecting the specialty enzymes market. With the rapid advances of the pharmaceutical industry and other fast-growing applications in the diagnostic industry, the specialty enzymes market is expected to grow rapidly.

Global companies are struggling to maintain a competitive advantage in the market by focusing on the research of new applied enzymes. Global expansion is constantly evolving, and the outlook for the economy is very broad. Strategic alliances with local manufacturers will help global manufacturers expand their product range and gain a regional foothold. Diagnostic enzymes are used in small batches and high value-added applications, including clinical chemistry, molecular diagnostics, and immunoassays. Based on products, the global diagnostic enzyme market has been subdivided into proteases, sugar enzymes, lipases, etc. The global market for diagnostic enzymes in 2019 is valued at USD 886.2 million, and it is expected to reach USD 1.4017 billion by 2026.

The rapid growth of the global diagnostic enzyme market is attributed to increased enzyme use in biotechnology and diagnostic applications, surge in investment, rising prevalence of chronic, infectious and lifestyle diseases, and early and immediate diagnosis of life-threatening diseases. The number of patients with infectious and other lifestyle diseases is increasing. For example, data compiled by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, the American Heart Association, the International Diabetes Federation, and the U.S. Health Partnership show that 33.5% of people in the United States have high cholesterol, and 38.7 million adults have diabetes, which causes approximately 1.73 million deaths each year.

The global diagnostic enzyme market is constantly growing and expanding. Continued investment in biotechnology and genetics is driving the growth of the global market, and pharmaceutical companies rely on biotechnology to overcome the difficulty of bringing successful new small molecule drugs to the market. For example, in 2018, Creative Enzymes, Inc. spent $ 19.8 million on research and development. The company invests primarily in the development of enzymes for diagnostics. In addition, state-of-the-art medical equipment provides immediate results and is desirable for early diagnosis for most people. Early diagnosis allows people to use better treatment options. The Oxford Journals Clinical Infectious Diseases Department states that tens of thousands of children and adults are hospitalized or even die each year from diseases that can be prevented by vaccination.

The global diagnostic enzyme market has been segmented by product, application and region. As far as product types are concerned, the market has been divided into carbohydrates, oxidases, polymerases and nucleases, proteases, lipases and more. The polymerase and nuclease sectors are expected to dominate the market and continue to dominate the market within expected range. The increasing applications of polymerases and nucleases in advanced biotechnology applications have driven the development of this field. Meanwhile, the oxidase market is likely to lose market share. In terms of applications, it is expected that field of clinical chemistry will continue to dominate the market from 2018 to 2026. Glucose monitoring is a major sub-field of clinical chemistry in 2017 and may account for a major share of the forecast period.

Bulls are Charging

After a frustrating start to the season that had many experts questioning their off-season prediction of the team being one of the top contenders, the Chicago Bulls seems to have found their groove and are charging away at opposing teams with their smothering defense.

The Bulls are currently on a 5-game winning streak and have climbed the eastern conference ladder to take the number 3 spot with their 6-3 record. It’s a great turnaround for sure, something worried fans from the first week have been hoping for. So, the question now is how did they turn things around? And will they be able to sustain their success?

The Winning Streak

The last five wins by the Bulls were against the Utah Jazz, Cleveland Cavaliers, Toronto Raptors, Indiana Pacers and the Charlotte Bobcats. Although the Pacers is the only top-caliber team among the five, the way the Bulls was able to come up with blowout wins answers the question of the legitimacy of their improved game.

Sustainability of Defense

In their last five wins, the Bulls have been winning by an average of 15 points per game. They have been shooting quite well on offense. However, it’s really not their hot offense that they are relying on to win games.

The Bulls are winning games by stifling their opponents with their highly-regarded defense that was missing at the start of the season. The defensive rotations are looking much better and individual defensive performance has also improved. They are forcing opponents to tough low-percentage shots and turnovers. This allows them to attack in transition and take advantage of the speed and athleticism of their backcourt.

The fact that the Bulls are winning games with their defense makes their current success more sustainable. Having a hot shooting night is great and all. But having a tight defense that they can go to each and every game means that they’ll always have something to rely on to give them a chance of winning.

Now, with the Bulls finally coming on their own, the battle in the Eastern conference becomes even more interesting and exciting.